An avant-garde movement that emerged in [[New York|New York City]] in the 1940s, emphasizing spontaneous, gestural, and non-representational painting. Key figures include [[Jackson Pollock]], whose [[One - Number 31, 1950 - Jackson Pollock (1950)|One: Number 31]] epitomizes the movement's radical drip technique, [[Willem de Kooning]], and [[Mark Rothko]], whose luminous [[No. 3 No. 13 (Magenta, Black, Green on Orange) - Mark Rothko (1949)|color field canvases]] shifted the center of the art world from [[Paris]] to [[New York|New York City]]. The movement responded to [[Surrealism]]'s embrace of the unconscious mind, pushing it further into pure abstraction and raw emotional expression.