A broad period spanning roughly the 1860s to the 1970s, encompassing art that deliberately broke with tradition to experiment with new forms, materials, and ideas. Originating in [[Europe]]—particularly [[Paris]]—it includes movements from [[Impressionism]] through [[Abstract Expressionism]] and [[Pop Art]]. It marked a fundamental shift away from academic and representational conventions, driven by figures like [[Édouard Manet]], [[Pablo Picasso]], and [[Marcel Duchamp]], who continuously challenged what art could be.