A broad intellectual and cultural movement that emerged across [[Europe]] and [[North America]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, embracing innovation, abstraction, and a break from tradition across art, architecture, literature, and design. Key figures span disciplines—[[James Joyce]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Pablo Picasso]]—united by a belief in progress and formal experimentation. It grew from the upheavals of industrialization and [[World War I]], responding to the exhaustion of [[Romanticism]] and academic conventions.